#profiling

Optimize application performance systematically. Techniques: 1. Profile first (identify bottlenecks with profiler). 2. Database optimization (indexes, query optimization, connection pooling). 3. Caching (Redis, Memcached, CDN). 4. Lazy loading (load data on demand). 5. Code-level optimization (efficient algorithms, avoid premature optimization). 6. Asynchronous processing (queues, background jobs). 7. Minification and compression (gzip, Brotli). Frontend: bundle splitting, image optimization, tree shaking. Backend: horizontal scaling, load balancing. Measure impact (before/after metrics). Use APM tools (New Relic, Datadog). 80/20 rule: optimize the 20% causing 80% slowness.

Profile and optimize performance. Tools: 1. Chrome DevTools (Performance, Lighthouse). 2. React DevTools Profiler. 3. Node.js --prof and clinic.js. 4. Bundle analysis (webpack-bundle-analyzer). 5. Database query analysis (EXPLAIN). 6. APM tools (New Relic, DataDog). Focus on: render performance, bundle size, API latency, memory usage. Measure before optimizing. Profile in production-like environments.