CI/CD pipeline design automation optimization

Design robust CI/CD pipelines that automate software delivery with quality gates and rollback mechanisms. Pipeline stages: 1. Source control integration: GitHub/GitLab webhooks trigger builds on commits. 2. Build automation: compile code, dependency resolution, artifact generation. 3. Testing suite: unit tests (>80% coverage), integration tests, security scans. 4. Quality gates: SonarQube analysis, vulnerability scanning, performance benchmarks. 5. Deployment stages: dev → staging → production with approval workflows. Jenkins pipeline configuration: declarative Jenkinsfile with parallel stages, environment-specific variables, credential management. GitLab CI/CD: .gitlab-ci.yml with stages, artifacts, deployment environments, manual approvals. GitHub Actions: workflow triggers, matrix builds, environment secrets, deployment strategies. Quality metrics: build success rate (>95%), deployment frequency (daily for mature teams), lead time (<1 hour for hotfixes), mean time to recovery (<30 minutes). Rollback strategies: blue-green deployments, database migration rollbacks, feature flags for instant disabling. Security integration: SAST/DAST scanning, dependency vulnerability checks, secret detection, compliance verification.